Assessing bone mineral density in children and adolescents living with HIV and on treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a systematic review / Avaliação da densidade mineral óssea em crianças e adolescentes que vivem com HIV e em tratamento com tenofovir disoproxil fumarato: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in children and adolescents infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Data source: The search procedure was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. The search was carried out until April 2022 in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Central, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, and MedRxiv. The combination of terms used was: (Children OR Youth OR Teenagers) AND HIV AND (Tenofovir OR "Antiretroviral therapy") AND ("Bone density" OR Osteoporosis OR Osteopenia). The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022312851) Data synthesis: The initial searches resulted in 1156 papers. After the exclusion of duplicate studies, three blinded reviewers analyzed the title and abstract of 563 papers, of which 57 remained to be read in full. Only nine papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in descriptive and risk-of-bias analyses. Regarding study design, four were cross-sectional, three were longitudinal before-after studies without a control group, and two were prospective cohorts. Among these nine papers, seven showed no significant association between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and reduced bone mass in young people. However, these papers did not have high methodological quality. Conclusions: Although most of the selected papers found no harmful effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mass, further primary research with higher methodological quality is needed so robust scientific evidences can be obtained.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar o impacto do tenofovir disoproxil fumarato sobre a densidade mineral óssea e o conteúdo mineral ósseo em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Fontes de dados: O procedimento de busca foi executado de acordo com o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. A busca foi realizada até abril de 2022 nas seguintes bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Central, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Web of Science, Scopus, and MedRxiv. A combinação de termos utilizada foi: (Children OR Youth OR Teenagers) AND HIV AND (Tenofovir OR "Antiretroviral therapy") AND ("Bone density" OR Osteoporosis OR Osteopenia). O protocolo foi registrado na base International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews — PROSPERO (CRD42022312851). Síntese dos dados: As pesquisas iniciais resultaram em 1.156 artigos. Após a exclusão dos estudos duplicados, três revisores cegos analisaram título e resumo de 563 estudos, dos quais 57 permaneceram para leitura na íntegra. Somente nove artigos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos para análises descritivas e de risco de viés. Com relação ao desenho dos estudos, quatro foram transversais, três foram estudos longitudinais antes-depois sem grupo controle e dois foram coortes prospectivas. Dos nove artigos, sete não mostraram associação significativa entre uso de TDF e redução de massa óssea em pessoas jovens. Entretanto, esses estudos não tiveram alta qualidade metodológica. Conclusões: Embora a maioria dos estudos selecionados não tenha encontrado efeito prejudicial do TDF sobre massa óssea, novas pesquisas primárias com maior qualidade metodológica são necessárias para que sejam obtidas evidências científicas robustas.

Assessing bone mineral density in children and adolescents living with HIV and on treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in children and adolescents infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. DATA SOURCE: The search procedure was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. The search was carried out until April 2022 in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Central, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, and MedRxiv. The combination of terms used was: (Children OR Youth OR Teenagers) AND HIV AND (Tenofovir OR "Antiretroviral therapy") AND ("Bone density" OR Osteoporosis OR Osteopenia). The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022312851). DATA SYNTHESIS: The initial searches resulted in 1156 papers. After the exclusion of duplicate studies, three blinded reviewers analyzed the title and abstract of 563 papers, of which 57 remained to be read in full. Only nine papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in descriptive and risk-of-bias analyses. Regarding study design, four were cross-sectional, three were longitudinal before-after studies without a control group, and two were prospective cohorts. Among these nine papers, seven showed no significant association between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and reduced bone mass in young people. However, these papers did not have high methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the selected papers found no harmful effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mass, further primary research with higher methodological quality is needed so robust scientific evidences can be obtained.

Autonomic response of older women to the submaximal effort in the six-minute walk test: a cross-sectional study / Resposta autonômica de mulheres idosas ao esforço submáximo do teste de caminhada de seis minutos: um estudo transversal / Respuesta autonómica de ancianas al esfuerzo submáximo en la prueba de paso de seis minutos: un estudio transversal

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the autonomic response of older women in the six-minute walk test. In total, 32 women aged 60 years or older without a diagnosed health problem were evaluated during the six-minute walk test. To monitor the autonomic response, the following variables were considered: heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and perceived exertion. These variables were compared during rest, effort, and recovery. This study also sought a correlation between autonomic function variables and performance in the test and perceived exertion. Results showed that the effort made by older women in the six-minute walk test induces an autonomic response resulting in increased heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure; however, the respiratory rate remained unchanged during the test. Diastolic blood pressure remained high during recovery. No correlation was found neither between perceived exertion and cardiovascular physiological response nor between distance covered and variation of the autonomic response or level of physical conditioning. Therefore, the effort spent in the six-minute walk test promotes an autonomic response in older women, increasing cardiovascular stress without increasing ventilation. In this context, the Borg scale was not representative of cardiovascular stress during the test.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a resposta autonômica de idosas ao esforço do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M). Realizou-se um estudo transversal a partir da avaliação de 32 idosas, sem problemas de saúde diagnosticados, com 60 anos ou mais, durante o TC6M. Para o monitoramento da resposta autonômica, foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência respiratória e percepção de esforço. Essas variáveis foram comparadas durante o período de repouso, esforço e recuperação. Buscou-se também correlação entre as variáveis da função autonômica e o desempenho no teste e a percepção de esforço. Os resultados demonstraram que o esforço gerado no TC6M induz uma resposta autonômica que leva ao aumento da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em mulheres, porém a frequência respiratória permaneceu inalterada durante o teste. A pressão arterial diastólica permaneceu elevada durante a recuperação. Não houve correlação entre a percepção de esforço e a resposta fisiológica cardiovascular apresentada, nem entre a distância percorrida e a variação da resposta autonômica ou o nível de condicionamento físico. Concluiu-se que o esforço despendido no TC6M promove uma resposta autonômica em idosas, intensificando o estresse cardiovascular sem aumentar a ventilação. Nesse contexto, a escala de Borg não foi representativa do estresse cardiovascular durante o teste.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la respuesta autonómica de ancianas al esfuerzo en la prueba de paso de 6 minutos (6MWT). Se realizó un estudio transversal con la participación de 32 ancianas, de 60 años o más, sin problemas de salud diagnosticados durante la 6MWT. Para monitorear la respuesta autonómica, se consideraron las siguientes variables: frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, frecuencia respiratoria y esfuerzo percibido. Se compararon estas variables durante el período de reposo, esfuerzo y recuperación. También se buscó una correlación entre las variables de función autonómica y rendimiento en la prueba y el esfuerzo percibido. Los resultados mostraron que el esfuerzo producido en la 6MWT genera una respuesta autonómica que conduce a un aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca y de la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en las mujeres, pero la frecuencia respiratoria se mantuvo sin cambios durante la prueba. La presión arterial diastólica se mantuvo alta durante el período de recuperación. No hubo correlación entre el esfuerzo percibido y la respuesta fisiológica cardiovascular presentada, tampoco entre la distancia recorrida y la variación de la respuesta autonómica o el nivel de condicionamiento físico. Se concluyó que el esfuerzo realizado en la 6MWT generó una respuesta autonómica en las ancianas al intensificar el estrés cardiovascular pero sin aumentar la ventilación. En este contexto, la escala de Borg no fue significativa para el estrés cardiovascular durante la prueba.

Physical Exercise on Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Scientific findings showed that physical exercise is an option for treatment of these patients. This study's objective is to investigate the effects of supervised aerobic and/or resistance physical training on inflammatory markers in subjects with T2DM. Methods. A systematic review was conducted on four databases, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS, and Scopus, and manual search from 21 to 30 November 2016. Randomized clinical trials involving individuals diagnosed with T2DM, who have undergone supervised training protocols, were selected in this study. Results. Eleven studies were included. Studies that evaluated control group versus aerobic exercise reported controversial results about the effectiveness of physical training in modifying C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokine levels. The only variable analyzed by the six studies in comparison to the control group versus resistance exercise was CRP. This protein showed no significant difference between groups. Between the two modes of exercise (aerobic and resistance), only one study demonstrated that aerobic exercise was more effective in reducing CRP. Conclusion. The evidence was insufficient to prove that aerobic or resistance exercise improves systemic levels of inflammatory markers in patients with T2DM.

Obesity and lung function: a systematic review.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat that is harmful to the individuals. Respiratory disorders are among the comorbidities associated with obesity. This study had the objective of investigating the alterations in respiratory function that affect obese individuals. A systematic review was performed, by selecting publications in the science databases MEDLINE and LILACS, using PubMed and SciELO. The articles that assessed pulmonary function by plethysmography and/or spirometry in obese individuals aged under 18 years were included. The results demonstrated that the obese individuals presented with a reduction in lung volume and capacity as compared to healthy individuals. Reduction of total lung capacity and reduction of forced vital capacity, accompanied by reduction of the forced expiratory volume after one second were the most representative findings in the samples. The articles analyzed proved the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity.

Obesity and lung function: a systematic review / Obesidade e função pulmonar: uma revisão sistemática

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat that is harmful to the individuals. Respiratory disorders are among the comorbidities associated with obesity. This study had the objective of investigating the alterations in respiratory function that affect obese individuals. A systematic review was performed, by selecting publications in the science databases MEDLINE and LILACS, using PubMed and SciELO. The articles that assessed pulmonary function by plethysmography and/or spirometry in obese individuals aged under 18 years were included. The results demonstrated that the obese individuals presented with a reduction in lung volume and capacity as compared to healthy individuals. Reduction of total lung capacity and reduction of forced vital capacity, accompanied by reduction of the forced expiratory volume after one second were the most representative findings in the samples. The articles analyzed proved the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity.

A obesidade é uma doença crônica, caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal, que ocasiona prejuízos ao indivíduo. Dentre as comorbidades associadas à obesidade, estão as disfunções respiratórias. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as alterações da função pulmonar que acometem indivíduos obesos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, por meio da seleção de publicações nas bases científicas de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, por meio do PubMed e SciELO. Foram inclusos os trabalhos que avaliaram a função pulmonar, por meio de pletismografia e/ou espirometria, em indivíduos obesos maiores de 18 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que os indivíduos obesos apresentaram redução dos volumes e capacidades pulmonares quando comparados a indivíduos eutróficos. Redução da capacidade pulmonar total e redução da capacidade vital forçada, acompanhadas de redução do volume expiratório forçado após um segundo, foram os achados mais representativos dentre as amostras. Os trabalhos analisados comprovam a presença de padrão respiratório restritivo associado à obesidade.